APT eller Advanced Package Tool er kommandolinjeværktøjet til pakkehåndtering i Debian/Ubuntu-baserede distributioner.
Det er en af de tilgængelige pakkeadministratorer sammen med apt-get, men ligesom andre giver det dig mulighed for at installere, ændre eller fjerne forskellige pakker uden at bygge dem fra kildekoden. Den kan udføre meget flere handlinger relateret til pakkehåndtering, som vi skal dække i de næste afsnit.
Den generelle syntaks for at bruge apt-kommandoen følger:
$ apt [COMMAND] [PACKAGE]
Husk at bruge sudo med apt, da mange af dens underkommandoer ville kræve privilegiet til at foretage ændringer på systemniveau.
Her vil vi dække forskellige underkommandoer, som du kan bruge med apt og deres brug.
Indholdsfortegnelse
Opdater pakkedatabase
apt har brug for et lager af pakker med en database over alle tilgængelige pakker, der kan installeres på et Debian/Ubuntu-system. Denne lagerdatabase bør opdateres, før du begynder at installere en pakke, da apt bør kende detaljerne om pakken, dens version, arkitektur og fjernplacering.
Opdatering af depotdatabasen er let og kan gøres med:
$ sudo apt update
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt update Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [114 kB] Hit:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease Get:3 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [114 kB] Get:4 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [101 kB] Get:5 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages [1086 kB] Get:6 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 Packages [841 kB] Fetched 2255 kB in 1s (2677 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 14 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. [email protected]:~$
Opgrader installerede pakker
Installerede pakker på et system kan opgraderes til den seneste tilgængelige version ved hjælp af:
$ sudo apt upgrade
Med opgraderingskommandoen vil pakker blive installeret, hvis det kræves for at tilfredsstille afhængigheder, men eksisterende pakker vil aldrig blive fjernet. Hvis en opgradering til en pakke kræver fjernelse af en installeret pakke, udføres en opgradering til denne pakke ikke.
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt update Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [114 kB] Hit:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease Get:3 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [114 kB] Get:4 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [101 kB] Get:5 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages [1086 kB] Get:6 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 Packages [841 kB] Fetched 2255 kB in 1s (2677 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 14 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. [email protected]:~$ sudo apt upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages will be upgraded: apt apt-utils libapt-pkg6.0 libpython3.8 libpython3.8-minimal libpython3.8-stdlib libuv1 linux-base linux-base-sgx open-vm-tools python3-distupgrade python3.8 python3.8-minimal ubuntu-release-upgrader-core 14 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 9485 kB of archives. After this operation, 603 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libapt-pkg6.0 amd64 2.0.6 [835 kB] Get:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 apt amd64 2.0.6 [1296 kB] Get:3 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 apt-utils amd64 2.0.6 [216 kB] Get:4 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libpython3.8 amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1625 kB] Get:5 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3.8 amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [387 kB] Get:6 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libpython3.8-stdlib amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1675 kB] Get:7 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3.8-minimal amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1898 kB] Get:8 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libpython3.8-minimal amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [717 kB] Get:9 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libuv1 amd64 1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3 [80.8 kB] Get:10 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 ubuntu-release-upgrader-core all 1:20.04.35 [23.9 kB] Get:11 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3-distupgrade all 1:20.04.35 [104 kB] Get:12 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 linux-base all 4.5ubuntu3.6 [17.8 kB] Get:13 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 linux-base-sgx all 4.5ubuntu3.6 [4660 B] Get:14 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 open-vm-tools amd64 2:11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1 [604 kB] Fetched 9485 kB in 0s (54.4 MB/s) Preconfiguring packages ... (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../libapt-pkg6.0_2.0.6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libapt-pkg6.0:amd64 (2.0.6) over (2.0.5) ... Setting up libapt-pkg6.0:amd64 (2.0.6) ... (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../archives/apt_2.0.6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking apt (2.0.6) over (2.0.5) ... Setting up apt (2.0.6) ... (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../00-apt-utils_2.0.6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking apt-utils (2.0.6) over (2.0.5) ... Preparing to unpack .../01-libpython3.8_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.8:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../02-python3.8_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking python3.8 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../03-libpython3.8-stdlib_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.8-stdlib:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../04-python3.8-minimal_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking python3.8-minimal (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../05-libpython3.8-minimal_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.8-minimal:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../06-libuv1_1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libuv1:amd64 (1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3) over (1.34.2-1ubuntu1.1) ... Preparing to unpack .../07-ubuntu-release-upgrader-core_1%3a20.04.35_all.deb ... Unpacking ubuntu-release-upgrader-core (1:20.04.35) over (1:20.04.33) ... Preparing to unpack .../08-python3-distupgrade_1%3a20.04.35_all.deb ... Unpacking python3-distupgrade (1:20.04.35) over (1:20.04.33) ... Preparing to unpack .../09-linux-base_4.5ubuntu3.6_all.deb ... Unpacking linux-base (4.5ubuntu3.6) over (4.5ubuntu3.1) ... Preparing to unpack .../10-linux-base-sgx_4.5ubuntu3.6_all.deb ... Unpacking linux-base-sgx (4.5ubuntu3.6) over (4.5ubuntu3.1) ... Preparing to unpack .../11-open-vm-tools_2%3a11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking open-vm-tools (2:11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1) over (2:11.0.5-4) ... Setting up libpython3.8-minimal:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up apt-utils (2.0.6) ... Setting up linux-base (4.5ubuntu3.6) ... Setting up python3-distupgrade (1:20.04.35) ... Setting up libuv1:amd64 (1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3) ... Setting up linux-base-sgx (4.5ubuntu3.6) ... Setting up ubuntu-release-upgrader-core (1:20.04.35) ... Setting up python3.8-minimal (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up open-vm-tools (2:11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1) ... Installing new version of config file /etc/vmware-tools/tools.conf.example ... Installing new version of config file /etc/vmware-tools/vgauth.conf ... Setting up libpython3.8-stdlib:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up python3.8 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up libpython3.8:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.2) ... Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.7) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... [email protected]:~$
Sørg for, at du har udført sudo apt update, før du opgraderer dine pakker for at undgå problemer under opgraderingen samt for at sikre, at du får de seneste tilgængelige pakker fra lageret. Hvis du vil, kan du køre disse kommandoer på en enkelt linje som:
$ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
Fuld opgraderingspakker
apt tilbyder også en fuld opgraderingskommando. Det adskiller sig fra opgraderingskommando, da det vil fjerne aktuelt installerede pakker, hvis dette er nødvendigt for at opgradere systemet som helhed. Som sådan skal du være forsigtig med denne kommando, og hvis det er muligt, gå med opgraderingskommandoen i stedet for.
$ sudo apt full-upgrade
Installer enkelt pakke
Installation af en ny pakke kan gøres med apt ved at bruge nedenstående syntaks:
$ sudo apt install [package-name]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt install unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Suggested packages: zip The following NEW packages will be installed: unzip 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 14 not upgraded. Need to get 169 kB of archives. After this operation, 593 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-25ubuntu1 [169 kB] Fetched 169 kB in 0s (4040 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package unzip. (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Setting up unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... [email protected]:~$
Installer flere pakker
Du kan installere flere pakker på et system med apt. Det følger en lignende syntaks som i det foregående eksempel:
$ sudo apt install [package-name-1] [package-name-2] ... [package-name-n]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt install zip unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: unzip zip 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 336 kB of archives. After this operation, 1231 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-25ubuntu1 [169 kB] Get:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 zip amd64 3.0-11build1 [167 kB] Fetched 336 kB in 0s (7749 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package unzip. (Reading database ... 59527 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Selecting previously unselected package zip. Preparing to unpack .../zip_3.0-11build1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking zip (3.0-11build1) ... Setting up unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Setting up zip (3.0-11build1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... [email protected]:~$
Hvis en af de angivne pakker allerede er installeret på systemet, vil apt lede efter en opdatering i et lager, og hvis den er tilgængelig, opgraderer pakken ellers vil den beholde den installerede version, som den er.
Installer specifik version
Ofte skal du installere en specifik version af en pakke, især mens du er på virksomhedssystemer. apt giver dig mulighed for at installere en given version af en pakke, forudsat at den er tilgængelig i depotet ved hjælp af:
$ sudo apt install [package-name]=[version]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt install unzip=6.0-25ubuntu1 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: unzip 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 169 kB of archives. After this operation, 593 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-25ubuntu1 [169 kB] Fetched 169 kB in 0s (2767 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package unzip. (Reading database ... 59541 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Setting up unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... [email protected]:~$
Fjern en pakke
Ligesom at installere en pakke, kan apt bruges til at fjerne en pakke fra et system med nedenstående kommando:
$ sudo apt remove [package-name]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt remove unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: unzip 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 14 not upgraded. After this operation, 593 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y (Reading database ... 59529 files and directories currently installed.) Removing unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... [email protected]:~$
Rens en pakke
Ligesom at fjerne en pakke, udfører udrensning af en pakke også den samme opgave, men mens du er med kommandoen remove, fjerner apt bare binære filer i en pakke og efterlader konfigurationsfilerne som de er. På den anden side sikrer purge-kommandoen, at alt relateret til pakken inklusive dens binære filer og konfigurationsfiler fjernes fra systemet. Hvis du forlader konfigurationsfilerne, kan du genbruge de samme konfigurationsfiler igen, hvis du planlægger at geninstallere programmet.
For at rense en pakke, brug:
$ sudo apt purge [package-name]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt purge unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: unzip* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 14 not upgraded. After this operation, 593 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y (Reading database ... 59529 files and directories currently installed.) Removing unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Purging configuration files for unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... [email protected]:~$
Søg efter pakker
apt kan ikke kun tjene som værktøj til at installere og fjerne pakker. Det kan også søge i den nødvendige pakke i lageret med søgekommando som:
$ apt search [search-text]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ apt search netstat Sorting... Done Full Text Search... Done bwm-ng/focal 0.6.2-1 amd64 small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor gnome-nettool/focal 3.8.1-3 amd64 network information tool for GNOME golang-github-aelsabbahy-gonetstat-dev/focal 0.0~git20160428.0.edf89f7-3 all Netstat implementation in Go golang-github-mwitkow-go-conntrack-dev/focal 0.0~git20190716.2f06839-1 all Go middleware for net.Conn tracking libparse-netstat-perl/focal 0.14-1 all module to parse the output of the "netstat" command net-tools/focal 1.60+git20180626.aebd88e-1ubuntu1 amd64 NET-3 networking toolkit netstat-nat/focal 1.4.10-3build1 amd64 tool that display NAT connections nicstat/focal 1.95-1build1 amd64 print network traffic statistics qnetstatview/focal 1.5.6-1 amd64 Shows detailed listings of all TCP and UDP endpoints unhide/focal 20130526-4 amd64 Forensic tool to find hidden processes and ports whichman/focal 2.4-9 amd64 Fault tolerant search utilities: whichman, ftff, ftwhich [email protected]:~$
Se pakkeindhold
For at få detaljer om en pakke, uanset om den er installeret eller skal installeres, kan du bruge kommandoen show som angivet nedenfor:
$ apt show [package-name]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ apt show firefox
Package: firefox
Version: 90.0+build1-0ubuntu0.20.04.1
Priority: optional
Section: web
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Mozilla Team <[email protected]>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 226 MB
Provides: gnome-www-browser, iceweasel, www-browser
Depends: lsb-release, libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libc6 (>= 2.30), libcairo-gobject2 (>= 1.10.0), libcairo2 (>= 1.10.0), libdbus-1-3 (>= 1.9.14), libdbus-glib-1-2 (>= 0.78), libfontconfig1 (>= 2.12.6), libfreetype6 (>= 2.10.1), libgcc-s1 (>= 3.3), libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.42), libgtk-3-0 (>= 3.14), libharfbuzz0b (>= 0.6.0), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libpangocairo-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libpangoft2-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libstdc++6 (>= 9), libx11-6, libx11-xcb1 (>= 2:1.6.9), libxcb-shm0, libxcb1, libxcomposite1 (>= 1:0.4.5), libxcursor1 (>> 1.1.2), libxdamage1 (>= 1:1.1), libxext6, libxfixes3, libxi6, libxrender1, libxt6
Recommends: xul-ext-ubufox, libcanberra0, libdbusmenu-glib4, libdbusmenu-gtk3-4
Suggests: fonts-lyx
Replaces: kubuntu-firefox-installer
Task: ubuntu-desktop-minimal, ubuntu-desktop, kubuntu-desktop, kubuntu-full, xubuntu-desktop, lubuntu-desktop, ubuntustudio-desktop, ubuntukylin-desktop, ubuntu-mate-core, ubuntu-mate-desktop, ubuntu-budgie-desktop
Xul-Appid: {ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}
Download-Size: 57.0 MB
APT-Sources: http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages
Description: Safe and easy web browser from Mozilla
Firefox delivers safe, easy web browsing. A familiar user interface,
enhanced security features including protection from online identity theft,
and integrated search let you get the most out of the web.
N: There is 1 additional record. Please use the '-a' switch to see it
[email protected]:~$
Liste over installerede pakker
Vi har ofte brug for at liste installerede pakker på et system til forskellige formål. apt giver dig mulighed for at få listen over installerede pakker blot med:
$ apt list --installed
Liste over alle pakker
For at liste alle pakker, der er tilgængelige for dit system, skal du bruge listekommando med –all-versions nøgleord som:
$ apt list --all-versions
Liste over pakker, der kan opgraderes
Pakker skal holdes opdaterede, efterhånden som nye versioner bliver ved med at frigives med forbedrede eller yderligere funktioner og fejlrettelser, herunder kritiske sikkerhedshuller. apt sikrer, at du nemt kan patche dit Debian/Ubuntu-system med opgraderingskommando som foreslået tidligere i artiklen. For at få vist alle tilgængelige opgraderinger til installerede pakker på dit system skal du køre:
$ apt list --upgradable
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ apt list --upgradable Listing... Done apt-utils/focal-updates 2.0.6 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.0.5] apt/focal-updates 2.0.6 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.0.5] libapt-pkg6.0/focal-updates 2.0.6 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.0.5] libpython3.8-minimal/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] libpython3.8-stdlib/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] libpython3.8/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] libuv1/focal-updates,focal-security 1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.34.2-1ubuntu1.1] linux-base-sgx/focal-updates 4.5ubuntu3.6 all [upgradable from: 4.5ubuntu3.1] linux-base/focal-updates 4.5ubuntu3.6 all [upgradable from: 4.5ubuntu3.1] open-vm-tools/focal-updates 2:11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 2:11.0.5-4] python3-distupgrade/focal-updates 1:20.04.35 all [upgradable from: 1:20.04.33] python3.8-minimal/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] python3.8/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] ubuntu-release-upgrader-core/focal-updates 1:20.04.35 all [upgradable from: 1:20.04.33] abhi[email protected]:~$
Rengør ubrugte pakker
Ved normal brug kan dit system nogle gange have pakker installeret, som ikke længere er nødvendige. Det kan ske, da disse pakker blev installeret som en del af afhængigheden af en anden pakke, som allerede er blevet fjernet senere, selvom afhængighederne efterlades i systemet. For at rense sådanne pakker og frigøre noget diskplads kan du bruge:
$ sudo apt autoremove
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt autoremove Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. [email protected]:~$
Mit system havde ingen pakker tilbage, så outputtet rapporterede ingen ændringer.
Tjek pakkeafhængigheder
En pakke kan have en eller flere afhængigheder, der skal installeres på et system, for at pakken kan fungere korrekt. apt sikrer, at nødvendige afhængigheder er installeret som en del af pakkeinstallationen. Hvis du vil kontrollere afhængigheder af en pakke, skal du bruge:
$ apt depends [package-name]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ apt depends zip zip Depends: libbz2-1.0 Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14) Recommends: unzip [email protected]:~$
Geninstaller en pakke
En pakke kan blive beskadiget, eller du skal muligvis geninstallere den for at sikre, at alle pakkefiler er i den rigtige rækkefølge. For at installere en pakke igen uden at fjerne den først, kan du bruge:
$ sudo apt reinstall [package-name]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt reinstall unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 169 kB of archives. After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-25ubuntu1 [169 kB] Fetched 169 kB in 0s (5695 kB/s) (Reading database ... 59559 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) over (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Setting up unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... [email protected]:~$
Download en pakke
Pakkefiler kan downloades til det lokale filsystem uden at installere dem. For at downloade en pakke med apt skal du bruge:
$ apt download [package-name]
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ apt download unzip Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-25ubuntu1 [169 kB] Fetched 169 kB in 0s (1405 kB/s) [email protected]:~$ [email protected]:~$ ls -l unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb -rw-r--r-- 1 abhisheknair abhisheknair 168956 Aug 16 2019 unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb [email protected]:~$
Tjek Pakkeændringslog
Vi kan nemt tjekke ændringsloggen om enhver pakke med apt ved at bruge:
$ apt changelog [package-name]
Rediger kilder
apts edit-sources-kommando lader dig redigere dine sources.list-filer, mens du også sørger for fornuftstjek for at sikre, at ændringerne er konsistente og gyldige. Dette er en kommando, der er i gang, og bør derfor bruges med forsigtighed. Du kan redigere sources.list som:
$ sudo apt edit-sources
Få APT-hjælp
For at få mere hjælp til apt-kommando, brug:
$ apt help
Eksempel:
[email protected]:~$ apt help
apt 2.0.6 (amd64)
Usage: apt [options] command
apt is a commandline package manager and provides commands for
searching and managing as well as querying information about packages.
It provides the same functionality as the specialized APT tools,
like apt-get and apt-cache, but enables options more suitable for
interactive use by default.
Most used commands:
list - list packages based on package names
search - search in package descriptions
show - show package details
install - install packages
reinstall - reinstall packages
remove - remove packages
autoremove - Remove automatically all unused packages
update - update list of available packages
upgrade - upgrade the system by installing/upgrading packages
full-upgrade - upgrade the system by removing/installing/upgrading packages
edit-sources - edit the source information file
satisfy - satisfy dependency strings
See apt(8) for more information about the available commands.
Configuration options and syntax is detailed in apt.conf(5).
Information about how to configure sources can be found in sources.list(5).
Package and version choices can be expressed via apt_preferences(5).
Security details are available in apt-secure(8).
This APT has Super Cow Powers.
[email protected]:~$
Resumé
apt tool er et praktisk og kraftfuldt CLI-baseret pakkehåndteringsværktøj til Debian/Ubuntu-baserede systemer. En systemadministrators normale daglige job involverer at administrere pakker på et system og at kende apt og dets almindelige brugskommandoer gør denne opgave nem.
For yderligere hjælp til apt, se dens man-side.
$ man apt